除了使用 as, &, * 操作符进行基本类型之间的类型转换之外，Rust 还为我们提供了一些有用的 trait，帮助我们进行类型转换，这类 trait 能一定程度上提升编程体验。本文会介绍一部分。
AsRef 和 Borrow 用于进行廉价的从引用到引用的转换，并且还具有相同的签名：
pub trait AsRef<T> where
T: ?Sized, {
fn as_ref(&self) -> &T;
}
pub trait Borrow<Borrowed> where
Borrowed: ?Sized, {
fn borrow(&self) -> &Borrowed;
}不同的地方在于：
Read more 上一节，我们已经实现了一个最小可运行版本。之所以使用Rust而不是C，是因为Rust具备了必要的抽象能力，还能获得跟C差不多的性能。这一节，我们对上一节的代码做必要的封装，顺便还能把unsafe的代码包装成safe的API。
我将上一节的源码放到了这里，你可以去查看。
还记得上一节，我们把使用到的libc中的函数socket、bind、connect和结构体sockaddr、sockaddr_in、in_addr等，在Rust这边定义了出来。实际上，几乎libc中的函数，libc这个crate都帮我们定义好了。你可以去这里查看。编译器和标准库本身也使用了这个crate，我们也使用这个。
首先在Cargo.toml文件的[dependencies]下面加入libc = "0.2":
[dependencies] libc = "0.2"
接着在main.rs文件上方加入use libc;，也可以use libc as c;。或者你直接简单粗暴use libc::*，并不推荐这样，除非你明确知道你使用的函数来自哪里。并将我们定义的与libc中对用的常量、函数、结构体删除。再添加libc::或c::到我们使用那些常量、结构体、函数的地方。如果你是直接use libc::*，除了直接删除那部分代码外，几乎什么都不用做。目前的代码：
虽然标准库已经封装好了 TcpListener 和TcpStream 等基础api，但作为Rust 的爱好者，我们可以去一探究竟。本文假设你已经对 Rust 和 Linux 操作系统有了一定了解。
在 Linux 上 Rust 默认会链接的系统的 libc 以及一些其他的库，这就意味着，你可以直接使用libc中的函数。比如，你可以使用 gethostname 获取你电脑的 “hostname”:
use std::os::raw::c_char;
use std::ffi::CStr;
extern {
pub fn gethostname(name: *mut c_char, len: usize) -> i32;
}
fn main() {
let len = 255;
let mut buf = Vec::<u8>::with_capacity(len);
let ptr = buf.as_mut_ptr() as *mut c_char;
unsafe {
gethostname(ptr, len);
println!("{:?}", CStr::from_ptr(ptr));
}
}
解释一下上面的代码。
extren 表示“外部块（External blocks）”，用来申明外部非 Rust 库中的符号。我们需要使用 Rust 以外的函数，比如 libc ，就需要在 extren 中将需要用到的函数定义出来，然后就可以像使用本地函数一样使用外部函数，编译器会负责帮我们转换，是不是很方便呢。但是，调用一个外部函数是unsafe的，编译器不能提供足够的保证，所以要放到unsafe块中。
One morning, when Gregor Samsa woke from troubled dreams, he found himself transformed in his bed into a horrible vermin. He lay on his armour-like back, and if he lifted his head a little he could see his brown belly, slightly domed and divided by arches into stiff sections.
The bedding was hardly able to cover it and seemed ready to slide off any moment. His many legs, pitifully thin compared with the size of the rest of him, waved about helplessly as he looked. “What’s happened to me? ” he thought. It wasn’t a dream. His room, a proper human room although a little too small, lay peacefully between its four familiar walls.
A collection of textile samples lay spread out on the table – Samsa was a travelling salesman – and above it there hung a picture that he had recently cut out of an illustrated magazine and housed in a nice, gilded frame. It showed a lady fitted out with a fur hat and fur boa who sat upright, raising a heavy fur muff that covered the whole of her lower arm towards the viewer.
Full ArticleFar far away, behind the word mountains, far from the countries Vokalia and Consonantia, there live the blind texts. Separated they live in Bookmarksgrove right at the coast of the Semantics, a large language ocean. A small river named Duden flows by their place and supplies it with the necessary regelialia.
It is a paradisematic country, in which roasted parts of sentences fly into your mouth. Even the all-powerful Pointing has no control about the blind texts it is an almost unorthographic life One day however a small line of blind text by the name of Lorem Ipsum decided to leave for the far World of Grammar.
Read moreA wonderful serenity has taken possession of my entire soul, like these sweet mornings of spring which I enjoy with my whole heart. I am alone, and feel the charm of existence in this spot, which was created for the bliss of souls like mine. I feel the presence of the Almighty, who formed us in his own image, and the breath of that universal love which bears and sustains us.
If it could only be like this always — always summer, always alone, the fruit always ripe.
Wise Guy
I am so happy, my dear friend, so absorbed in the exquisite sense of mere tranquil existence, that I neglect my talents. I should be incapable of drawing a single stroke at the present moment; and yet I feel that I never was a greater artist than now.
Read moreShe packed her seven versalia, put her initial into the belt and made herself on the way. When she reached the first hills of the Italic Mountains, she had a last view back on the skyline of her hometown Bookmarksgrove, the headline of Alphabet Village and the subline of her own road, the Line Lane.
Life is Either a Daring Adventure or Nothing at All
On her way she met a copy. The copy warned the Little Blind Text, that where it came from it would have been rewritten a thousand times and everything that was left from its origin would be the word “and” and the Little Blind Text should turn around and return to its own, safe country.
Read moreIt is a paradisematic country, in which roasted parts of sentences fly into your mouth. Even the all-powerful Pointing has no control about the blind texts it is an almost unorthographic life One day however a small line of blind text by the name of Lorem Ipsum decided to leave.
Far far away, behind the word mountains, far from the countries Vokalia and Consonantia, there live the blind texts. Separated they live in Bookmarksgrove right at the coast of the Semantics, a large language ocean. A small river named Duden flows by their place and supplies it with the necessary regelialia.
Full StoryFar far away, behind the word mountains, far from the countries Vokalia and Consonantia, there live the blind texts. Separated they live in Bookmarksgrove right at the coast of the Semantics, a large language ocean. A small river named Duden flows by their place and supplies it with the necessary regelialia.
It is a paradisematic country, in which roasted parts of sentences fly into your mouth. Even the all-powerful Pointing has no control about the blind texts it is an almost unorthographic life One day however a small line of blind text by the name of Lorem Ipsum decided to leave for the far World of Grammar.
Read moreIt is a paradisematic country, in which roasted parts of sentences fly into your mouth. Even the all-powerful Pointing has no control about the blind texts it is an almost unorthographic life One day however a small line of blind text by the name of Lorem Ipsum decided to leave.
Far far away, behind the word mountains, far from the countries Vokalia and Consonantia, there live the blind texts. Separated they live in Bookmarksgrove right at the coast of the Semantics, a large language ocean. A small river named Duden flows by their place and supplies it with the necessary regelialia.
Full Story